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The Circular Model of the Atom is a circular periodic table that shows atomic structure in addition to periodicity. Unlike any other periodic table or model, it demonstrates that the atomic structure has an inherent dipole magnet that create positve and negative fields and elemental qualities at the atomic level.

The Circular Model of the Atom was created by Helen A. Pawlowski in the 1980s, and published in her work, Visualization of the Atom. Her brother, Paul A. Williams extended many of Helen's ideas with his examination of the standard model using Helen's Circular Atom Model. This website contains some of Helen's ideas and Paul's writings.

evidences

Binding energy drops off between carbon and nitrogen and silicon and potassium is explained.

The model correctly accounts for the Madelung-rule (or Goudsmit rule).

The model provides an explanation for the lanthanide contraction.

 

PART I

INTRODUCTORY SUPPORTIVE EVIDENCES

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Heisenberg's “Copenhagen” interpretation of micro-world physics has developed into a philosophy of individual components being non-measurable, non-positionable, and to a certain extent non-describable. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle applies to point particles.  There are no point particles.  The order of the universe is based upon opposites being present and necessary for things to exist.  de Broglie waves have inherent within positive and negative characteristics attributable to that portion of mass-positive or mass-negative orientation. Otherwise subatomic supercolliders would be unable to control the particle with just one pole. Heisenberg's principle is based on a singularity approach. It was based on the concept that any attempt to measure a particle changes its position or momentum due to the very process of measurement.

Feynman's lecture series describes the philosophy.  “This is the way Heisenberg stated the uncertainty principle originally: If you make the measurement on any object, and you can determine the x- component of its momentum with an uncertainty Δp, you cannot, at the same time, know its x-position more accurately than Δx = h/Δp [Planck’s constant], where h is a definite fixed number given by nature” [1]. This problem of measurement is central to the quantum philosophy, but by combining Einstein's energy-matter-light equivalence, then all matter has a positive-negative duality the same as energy and light (electrical and magnetic wave components).   Combining this with Newton's Third Law, “To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction: or the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts.”  A particle following Einstein's geodesics in a field environment has to have that duality.

If we have singular point particles as represented by Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, how are they controllable in the high energy colliders.  Why do not the particles immediately go to the pole appropriate to their charge. It takes both poles to control the particle. To state it another way, all fermions have a duality with positive and negative components that in turn interact with the positive and negative field of Einstein's space.  Bosons likewise have an opposites factor, but in that case we say it acts as its own antiparticle.  With particle duality, then all measurement comes within the range of equal and opposite actions and reactions. Is our inability to measure, due to our lack of precise instrumentation in the negative energy area, or have we merely accepted Heisenberg's singularity approach to matter?

[1] Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M., 1965. Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. III. Reading (Massechusetts): Addison Wesley, p. 1-11.

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implications

1. Atoms are dipole magnets at the atomic level.

2. Demonstrates Hund's half filled shells, electron tunneling, and a visulalizable aufbau buildup of the elements.

3. Visual explanation of Anomalous Zeeman Effect.

4. Strong and weak patterns revealed.

5. Lanthanide contraction is explained.

6. Provides a visual basis for ferromagenetism, paramagnetism and antiferromagnetism.