PART IINTRODUCTORY SUPPORTIVE EVIDENCESPolarity and Anomalous Angular MomentumAn example of how mathematical smoothing has the effect of obscuring vital characteristics of the atom is illustrated by Haken and Wolf: "d(n,l)=n-neff is the quantum defect associated with the quantum numbers n and l. The empirically determined numerical values for the quantum defects (see table below) are largest for s electrons, decrease with increasing orbital angular momentum l, and are largely independent of the principal quantum number n. They increase down the column of alkali atoms from lithium to cesium, or with increasing nuclear charge number Z" [1].
[from F. Richtmyer, E. Kennard, J. Cooper, 1967. Introduction to Modern Physics, 6th ed.] These values are important in showing that angular momentum is significantly different in the S electrons that are distinctive in alkali elements than in other terms within the atom. Yet mathematical smoothing and approximations have the effect of obscuring the cause of the deviation. The Circular Model of the Atom has a positive polarity barrier attracting the S electrons more strongly than other terms more distant from the pole. When we average angular momentum it obscures the dipole nature of the atom. We don't find the same circumstances at the negative dipole because of the closed shells of the inert gases. The anomalous angular momentum of the alkali metals is a result of those electrons being in close proximity to the barrier, whereas the average electron is at some distance from the barrier. [1] Haken, H. & Wolf, H., 1987. Atomic and Quantum Physics. 2nd enlarged ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 167. |
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- The Circular Model
- Quantum Charts
- Model Physics
- Part I: supporting evidences
- introduction
- Pauli's exclusion principle
- dipole magnet
- unique electron flip
- polarity and anomalous angular momentum
- lanthanide contraction
- Stern-Gerlach
- electron tunneling
- discreteness
- electronegativity
- Compton effect
- Dirac's equation
- symmetry
- gyromagnetic ratio
- nulcear shells
- Kaluza-Klein
- gravity
- magnetism and monopoles
- Heisenburg uncertainty principle
- missing mass
- Olbers' paradox
- Big Bang
- Part II: spectral evidences
- Part III: fine structure constant
- Part IV: superconductivity
- Part V: sub-atomic particle physics
- Part VI: summary
- Part I: supporting evidences
- Astrophysics
The Circular Model of the Atom is a circular periodic table that shows atomic structure in addition to periodicity. Unlike any other periodic table or model, it demonstrates that the atomic structure has an inherent dipole magnet that create positve and negative fields and elemental qualities at the atomic level.
The Circular Model of the Atom was created by Helen A. Pawlowski in the 1980s, and published in her work, Visualization of the Atom. Her brother, Paul A. Williams extended many of Helen's ideas with his examination of the standard model using Helen's Circular Atom Model. This website contains some of Helen's ideas and Paul's writings.
Binding energy drops off between carbon and nitrogen and silicon and potassium is explained.
The model correctly accounts for the Madelung-rule (or Goudsmit rule).
The model provides an explanation for the lanthanide contraction.
1. Atoms are dipole magnets at the atomic level.
2. Demonstrates Hund's half filled shells, electron tunneling, and a visulalizable aufbau buildup of the elements.
3. Visual explanation of Anomalous Zeeman Effect.
4. Strong and weak patterns revealed.
5. Lanthanide contraction is explained.
6. Provides a visual basis for ferromagenetism, paramagnetism and antiferromagnetism.