PART I

INTRODUCTORY SUPPORTIVE EVIDENCES

Electron Tunneling

Quantum theory has an aspect called tunneling that is not found in classical atomic theory. The idea is that a ‘potential barrier’ composed of the protons within the nucleus sets up an energy hurdle that must be overcome for beta decay to occur.  This has been called a `quantum phenomena' that has no classical explanation.  If we can visualize an electron as if at the starting point of a roller coaster, then as it rolls down and back up, classically on its own, it can never go higher than its original starting position.  Yet electrons have been experimentally observed outside the barrier hurdle that is higher than the initial electron energy.  If an individual proton's positive energy values are added together, then enormous coulomb repulsion energy is the model result. The resultant barrier is nearly insurmountable unless a retreat to quantum theory is used.  Where is and what is the composition of the barrier?

If instead of a monolithic proton barrier, we use Pauli's exclusion principles that describe fermions in the nucleus in both spin up and spin down states, then the barrier diminishes.  We have part of the protons in a negative field state and part in a positive field state, with some to the left of the polarity line and some to the right of the polarity line.  This allows the electron to go outside the barrier in a classical manner without reference to mysterious quantum tunneling.

previous

next