PART I

INTRODUCTORY SUPPORTIVE EVIDENCES

Discreteness

Discrete is a term frequently used in describing atomic phenomena.  In physics we denote its meaning as, “made up of unconnected parts.”  In the spectroscopic analysis of atoms, we get both emission and absorption spectra from the same atom suggesting distinct components. What causes this discreteness?  In the Bohr hydrogen atom model, it was based on the emission of electromagnetic radiation when going from one energy state to a lesser energy state.  On analysis, this raises some questions.  What portion of the spectra is caused by the electron cloud?  The spectral lines are specific and precise, whereas a probability cloud denotes a random philosophy of science.  Max Born's electron cloud was preceded by A. Sommerfeld's mathematically precise electron orbit working its way through the nucleus contrary to specific delineations so necessary in the spectroscopic area.  Why do both discrete emission and absorption spectral lines occur together, yet they are diametrically opposite in purpose (one absorbs radiation and one emits radiation)?  How does the positive nucleus emit radiation that is not neutralized by the orbiting electron cloud?

The current concept of the atom has the electrons orbiting in an electron cloud around the nucleus.  However, it is also known that electrons have a characteristic spin, either plus one half or minus one half.  If they are orbiting, there should be a transition phase from plus one half to minus one half or vice versa.  There is no transition phase.  These fields have either a positive or negative orientation that is influencing the spin of the electron up or down.  This is a much more definitive approach than having a nebulous cloud.

The question of energy and the atom is complex and there are no easy answers, but if the Circular Model is used, there is a positive field with a negative counterpart. This allows the building up principle to act upon the electrons and nucleons in a manner that keeps the completed atom essentially neutral.  These field differences lead to asymmetrical patterns that explain the internal structure of the atom. It is the arrangement of the sub-fields that results in a neutral atom.

If atomic phenomena are discrete, then the origin of that attribute must come from discrete parts within the atom.  Quantum approximations are not the ultimate description.  True, mathematical physics provides a statistical description of the atomic values, but specific characteristics are obscured.