PART IINTRODUCTORY SUPPORTIVE EVIDENCESEinstein's E=mc2Einstein's E=mc2 is the most famous equation in the world. The equation states that matter is a form of energy that can be released or changed from one form or another. Einstein's formula was the result of a series of previous equations. In one of the earlier equations Einstein took a square root of an equation. He continued on with the positive root answer and neglected the negative root answer. Dirac, when faced with a similar dilemma when calculating the characteristics of the electron, included in his results the surprising idea that there could be either a positive or negative electron. Anderson later found Dirac's predicted electron antiparticle which we now call a positron. This raises the question, whether Einstein's equation should have been stated: E=(+)mc2 and E=(-)mc2? Does matter carry a negative charge in a different organizational form than the simple proton-electron model used in most textbooks? An inherent characteristic of the Circular Model of the Atom is a positive-negative field polarity approach to the electrons and nucleons with some of each in both fields. Einstein's general theory of relativity is based on the curvature of space being a result of the matter within the universe. If energy and matter are equivalent as his equation states, and energy has positive and negative characteristics, then matter, both positive and negative, should be equally manifest. Negative matter is present in the new model to reflect this equivalency. The field approach to the simplest atoms as well as the heaviest atoms should result in a buildup of electrons and nucleons within the positive and negative field acting as the balancing factor during the process. The Circular Model reflects the order and balance necessary for this process. |
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- Home
- The Circular Model
- Quantum Charts
- Model Physics
- Part I: supporting evidences
- introduction
- Pauli's exclusion principle
- dipole magnet
- unique electron flip
- polarity and anomalous angular momentum
- lanthanide contraction
- Stern-Gerlach
- electron tunneling
- discreteness
- electronegativity
- Compton effect
- Dirac's equation
- symmetry
- gyromagnetic ratio
- nulcear shells
- Kaluza-Klein
- gravity
- magnetism and monopoles
- Heisenburg uncertainty principle
- missing mass
- Olbers' paradox
- Big Bang
- Part II: spectral evidences
- Part III: fine structure constant
- Part IV: superconductivity
- Part V: sub-atomic particle physics
- Part VI: summary
- Part I: supporting evidences
- Astrophysics
The Circular Model of the Atom is a circular periodic table that shows atomic structure in addition to periodicity. Unlike any other periodic table or model, it demonstrates that the atomic structure has an inherent dipole magnet that create positve and negative fields and elemental qualities at the atomic level.
The Circular Model of the Atom was created by Helen A. Pawlowski in the 1980s, and published in her work, Visualization of the Atom. Her brother, Paul A. Williams extended many of Helen's ideas with his examination of the standard model using Helen's Circular Atom Model. This website contains some of Helen's ideas and Paul's writings.
Binding energy drops off between carbon and nitrogen and silicon and potassium is explained.
The model correctly accounts for the Madelung-rule (or Goudsmit rule).
The model provides an explanation for the lanthanide contraction.
1. Atoms are dipole magnets at the atomic level.
2. Demonstrates Hund's half filled shells, electron tunneling, and a visulalizable aufbau buildup of the elements.
3. Visual explanation of Anomalous Zeeman Effect.
4. Strong and weak patterns revealed.
5. Lanthanide contraction is explained.
6. Provides a visual basis for ferromagenetism, paramagnetism and antiferromagnetism.